This poster session will compliment the Pre-meeting Congress that will be held on Saturday and Sunday, August 4^th and 5^th. If you plan on attending the Congress and would like an avenue to present data on the techniques and applications of "Living Microscopy" please plan on submitting a poster to this session.

Dr. Inoué has been a pioneer in the development of many analytical and quantitative light and video microscopy methods for improving our ability to see and measure the architectural dynamics of living cells. To celebrate his contributions, this symposium will feature invited and contributed papers on recent advances in video and digital imaging light microscopy and molecular probes which make major mechanistic contributions towards understanding the molecular and structural dynamics of living cells or isolated macromolecular assemblies.

Observation of high-resolution structural information usually requires fixed specimens and electron microscopic approaches. While valuable, the lack of dynamic temporal information precludes a complete understanding of biological processes. Recent advances in optical imaging have allowed the observation of dynamic molecular processes in real time, and hold the promise of providing information about the relationship between a single molecules structure and function in relationship to its environment. This symposium will feature discussion of the optical imaging technologies that allow real time observation of structural and molecular processes in cells.

Microscopy has always been a central tool in Cancer Biology. The exciting advances over the past decade in our understanding of tumor initiation, growth, invasion, and diagnosis have strengthened the use of visualization tools in oncology. This symposium will highlight the use of microscopy and other visualization tools in both diagnosis of tumors and in understanding the biology of cancer. Submission of contributed papers on these topics and other topics related to cancer research, such as apoptosis, growth factor regulation and signaling, matrix metalloproteases, angiogenesis, cell cycle control, integrins, etc. are encouraged. Papers describing new observations on the role of one or more metabolic pathways helping to understand the phenotype of specific tumors would also be germane to this session.

"Programmed" cell death (apoptosis) is necessary for the normal development and homeostasis of adult tissues. Disruption of the normal process of cell death can result in congenital abnormalities and various diseases. The challenge to investigators is the rapidity of the process and the biochemical complexity of the regulation of this process. The speakers for this symposium will address how microscopy and complimentary biochemical techniques are used to study cell death in various organ systems and to compare the normal and abnormal course of cell death in these systems.

The past decade has witnessed the emergence of a wide variety of pathogens capable of infecting man, other animals, and plants. The origins of these emerging pathogens are many and varied. A few may represent truly novel infectious agents. More commonly, old pathogens may gain access to new host ranges by virtue of mutation or genetic recombination. In some cases, commensal organisms and symbionts have developed pathogenic potential by acquiring plasmids encoding virulence factors and toxins; previously innocuous organisms may also overwhelm hosts compromised by novel forms of acquired or iatrogenic immunodeficiency. Old pathogens held in check until recently by antimicrobial or public health measures have re-emerged due to a wealth of factors, including development of microbial drug resistance, geographic spread of disease-carrying vectors, and crowded, unsanitary living conditions. This session will explore investigative, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches to old and new emerging pathogens.

Many applications in the pharmaceutical microscopy lab are similar to those employed elsewhere, however, there are specialized technologies and themes that are of particular value to microscopists in the industry. It is the objective of this symposium to pull from, as well as bring to, the pharmaceutical community various applications of significance to microscopists. Biological and materials science topics will be covered. In addition, an informal forum will be provided for sharing of thoughts and strategies related to regulatory and other issues faced in our laboratories.

Biomaterials research aims to merge the understanding of biological systems with the understanding of the basic structures and properties of materials. One goal is to utilize lessons from nature in the fabrication of structurally complex or environmentally adaptive materials. Another goal is to provide materials that will work in complex biological environments without causing harm to the host organism. Several hot areas in microscopy (2 photon spectroscopy, near field scanning optical microscopy, environmental SEM, etc.) are being driven by the study of such systems. The primary aim of this symposium will be to provide a lively platform for presenting recent findings regarding the design, fabrication, and/or function of novel as well as existing biomaterials. Contributions that focus on the use of genome information in the construction of biomaterials are encouraged. Contributions that describe emerging technologies in the form of new instruments, new instrument applications, and new analysis techniques in the study of biomaterials are also encouraged. Finally, special attention will be given to interdisciplinary techniques and approaches that encompass multi-scale spatial (from molecule to tissue) and temporal (from millisecond to months) domains.

While the traditional application of vascular corrosion casting has been to describe the three dimensional anatomy and distribution of blood vessels in tissues and organs, other applications have included monitoring changes in vasculature in disease and during normal development. Techniques for quantitation of the vasculature using corrosion casts have also become increasingly important. It is anticipated that this session will include new developments in each of these areas.

The dependence of X-ray and ELS spectra on Bragg diffraction conditions (which set up a standing wave within a thin crystal) has provided the basis for many papers aimed at locating substitutional impurity atom sites in crystalline TEM samples. Applications of this Alchemy method over the last twenty years have been made in mineralogy, ceramics, semiconductors, magnetic oxides and, most recently, in inter-metallic turbine blade alloys. This session aims to explore the recent and future developments of the method, such as multivariate and statistical Alchemy, two-dimensional X-ray emission patterns, localization issues, interstitial sites, alloy phase diagrams etc. The extension of the method to ELS spectra and the implications of these channeling effects on traditional microanalysis and k-factor measurement with ever-decreasing probe sizes are also of interest.

The aim of this symposium is to present the latest new developments in x-ray microanalysis in the electron microprobe, SEM and ESEM. This area continues to grow because of progress in instrumentation, modeling techniques and software making it possible to obtain useful results from a greater range of samples examined over a broad range of experimental conditions. Topics of particular interest include: Software relating to new correction procedures, spectrum processing, multivariate analysis and Monte Carlo simulations of x-ray spectra. X-ray microanalysis of light elements and spectra obtained at low operating voltages including operation in FE-SEM's. Special considerations for x-ray analysis in the ESEM and VP-SEM, including spectral artifacts, optimizing spatial resolution, understanding insulating samples and general procedures for quantitative analysis. Data from the X-ray microanalysis of rough surfaces, porous materials and multi-layer thin film structures will also be presented. Better measurement and computation of fundamental parameters describing x-ray emission and electron diffusion with the result of improved accuracy and precision of quantitative x-ray microanalysis. In this symposium we hope to show that new x-ray microanalysis methods continue to be developed to meet the characterization needs of investigators in numerous fields from microelectronics to mineralogy.

The need for quantitative measurements at or near the atomic level has driven instrumental and technique development in electron microscopy for many years. Thus, EDS and EELS detectors were included during the 1960's to add elemental and chemical analysis. With the invention of STEM, it became possible to optimize the detector to increase sensitivity to various quantitative signals and to control the sample electron dose, allowing the maximum information to be obtained for a given specimen degradation by radiation damage. In the 1970's, John Silcox initiated a set of workshops aimed at bringing Analytical Electron Microscopy "into mainstream electron microscopy." From time to time since then, these meetings have continued -- always emphasizing the quantitative nature of the STEM-based technique. This symposium seeks to honor the contributions of John Silcox to this field of electron microscopy by continuing the discussion of quantitative techniques in the STEM -- including dark field imaging, EELS and EDS measurements, differential phase detection for magnetic and electrostatic measurements, and quantitative diffraction analysis in the convergent beam and microdiffraction geometries. Papers emphasizing the fundamental understanding of these techniques are particularly welcome. This symposium will consist of invited and contributed talks and posters.

This symposium will focus on recent developments in quantitative transmission electron microscopy to assess the structure, composition, and bonding of internal interfaces in solid materials. Relevant techniques include quantitative high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, quantitative conventional transmission electron microscopy, and quantitative analytical transmission electron microscopy with special emphasis on electron energy-loss spectroscopy and energy-loss near-edge structure. Both, the development of new methods of quantitative transmission electron microscopy and the application of established methods to new materials systems will be covered.

This symposium will highlight creative and new microscopy techniques for the characterization of all aspects of catalysts. Innovative techniques such as 1) imaging and characterizing nano-sized particles on high surface area catalyst supports, 2) high resolution imaging, diffraction and structural determination of molecular sieves, 3) in-situ and environmental analyses of catalysts under reaction type conditions, and 4) application of developing techniques such as atomic force microscopy to catalyst materials will be presented to demonstrate the uniqueness of characterizing these types of materials. The forum is intended to extend current research efforts by developing interactions between electron microscopists and catalyst chemists. This symposium will consist of invited and contributed talks.

This symposium will highlight exciting advances in novel microscopy assisted ceramic developments in the materials sciences and technology. These include innovative interdisciplinary microscopy methods in high resolution and in-situ, environmental imaging, use of high and low voltages, high precision spectroscopy for compositional analyses, hot stage experiments, electronic and defect structure and electron diffraction. The topics will illustrate the inspiring range of research in understanding, developing and characterizing novel ceramic and ceramic integrated nanostructures and microstructures in the design of new materials and processes including in fuel cells, heterogeneous catalysis, (bio) electronics and life sciences. This symposium will consist of invited and contributed talks and posters.

This session will demonstrate how the latest techniques in optical microspectroscopy are being employed in industry to develop new materials and products, solve problems, and monitor product quality. The techniques highlighted will include Raman, infrared, and fluorescence microspectroscopy. We will specifically concentrate on applications where industry has expanded these techniques and sampling methods. There will also be examples of where industry and universities have collaborated in applying these techniques.

Microscopy and microanalysis techniques are used in an increasing number of "real world" settings in both the physical and life sciences. These real world applications focus on practical problem solving and can involve diagnostics, failure analysis, particle analysis etc… Success often depends on utilizing currently available techniques that can be applied rapidly with a high degree of reliability. Moreover, in many industrial settings, the analysts must often operate under significant time and cost constraints. This symposium will highlight real world applications of microscopy and microanalysis in both physical and life science settings. Presentations that describe successful strategies for applying existing microscopic techniques to real world problem solving are invited. The symposium will be presented in a series of short "mini-symposia" including: aerospace/defense applications, art and archeology, forensic science, alloy development, semiconductor industry,"sick building" and other environmental issues. Contributed abstracts are welcome.

The objective of this session is to present data on the microscopic analysis of experiments conducted in the microgravity of space (experiments that have flown on the space shuttles) and/or the results of experiments conducted in simulated microgravity. In biological systems microgravity affords the opportunity to model many developmental and physiological processes that cannot be examined under ordinary tissue culture conditions. For example, in true microgravity, as well as in the simulated microgravity achieved by rotating wall bioreactors, it is possible to model the processes that mediate the assembly of large cell populations into tissue or organ-like constructs. In conventional tissue culture, the ability to conduct long-term experiments to examine these processes is limited because central domains of large cell aggregates typically undergo necrosis. In the material sciences microgravity provides an environment that supports the fabrication of unique chemical entities, crystalline structures and other engineered materials. This session is open to all investigators using any form of microscopy to assess the biological or material properties of samples manipulated in true microgravity and/or in the simulated microgravity of rotating wall bioreactors.

CALLING ALL STUDENTS!

The future of Microscopy & Microanalysis meetings depends on the involvement of the coming generation of scientists. This forum is designed to offer current undergraduate and graduate students an opportunity to present their research in a collegial environment designed to foster peer interactions. This forum welcomes a wide scope of presentations. We anticipate two half-day sessions, one for physical and one for biological presentations, coupled to special student poster sessions. By promoting a broad influx of ideas and talents from a range of diverse fields in microscopy and microanalysis, this inclusive forum aims to generate dialogue between the current and the future users and leaders in these technologies. Opportunities to meet vendors and attend special tours through the exhibit hall are planned in association with this forum. (This forum also serves as the 2001 California State University Microscopy Colloquium.)

Note: Significant funding has been made available by MSA to help cover the registration of students participating in this session. By submitting a paper indicating this session as their primary choice students will automatically be considered for the competitive awarding of these funds. The Program and Local Arrangements committees will judge the papers and students will be notified by mid-April indicating if their registration for the meeting will be paid by MSA. To qualify for compensation of registration the student must be the first and presenting author on the paper. Faculty advisors may co-author the paper.

Remote links to various light and electron microscopes, virtual microscopes, and CD-ROMS of images are all being used to teach colleagues and/or students about microscope theory, operation, and utilization. These are the new hardware and software tools for instruction. Are they effective? How are these tools being integrated into training programs and school curricula? What should be included in a training course? What is the best way to teach these concepts? This symposium will highlight examples of the hardware and software tools, as well as discuss different approaches, from formal classes and image collections to intensive workshops, to be used to teach microscopy theory and operation.

Digital imaging is replacing more and more of the imaging that we historically recorded on film. This symposium will focus on trying to better understand this digital technology and how best to apply it. We will exam archival issues as they relate to printers and CDs. We will explore how to best apply Photoshop for scientific digital imaging. We wish to emphasize the latest developments and directions in digital imaging technology. Finally, we invite papers that examine the question of whether to use digital imaging versus film and that look at the problem quantitatively (resolution, time savings, productivity, etc).

The frontiers of imaging and microanalysis in microscopy are being pushed close to theoretical limits by new developments in instrumentation that are more "revolutionary" than "evolutionary". After a half-century of effort, aberration-correctors for the SEM,

STEM and TEM are now available commercially, and they are starting to be installed on rebuilt or newly designed microscopes. Enhanced stability for the high voltage and lens power supplies, as well as monochromators to reduce the energy width of the electron beam should allow sub-angstrom image resolution and sub-electron-volt electron spectroscopy. Bolometric spectrometers should provide ultra-high resolution in energy dispersive spectra. These developments are being facilitated by incorporation of computer-control and on-line processing techniques that should allow the ultimate performance to be achieved in a facile manner, even when microscopes are accessed from remote locations. This symposium will highlight the current progress on a number of ongoing microscope and detector development projects, and thus provide an up-to-date view of the next-generation capabilities in electron microscopy.

Recent generations of electron microscopes and detectors allow for complete computer control. This has resulted in an increase in the routine use of automated experiments. The integration of microscope and detector control, data acquisition and data analysis significantly enhances the capabilities of instrumentation currently used in electron microscopy. Many experiments that were difficult or impossible to perform before now are becoming available to a larger number of users. Examples of automation are electron tomography, image collection for low-dose electron microscopy, position resolved spectroscopy and diffraction, and image collection to monitor in-situ reactions. This symposium intends to provide a survey of leading edge methods and applications in automated electron microcopy for TEM, SEM, and ESEM for both the biological and physical sciences. Contributed presentations are highly encouraged.

The use of the FIB instrument has received much attention in recent years. The imaging, milling, and deposition capabilities of the FIB make it ideal for site-specific specimen preparation. In addition, the FIB and dual beam instruments have been shown to be unique stand alone analytical tools. The vast capabilities of the FIB have enabled numerous applications into the materials sciences and the biological sciences. Abstracts discussing the applications of FIB techniques or the development of FIB instrumentation in either the physical or biological sciences are encouraged to participate in this symposium.

This symposium will explore all aspects of the rapidly growing field of electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and spectroscopic imaging both in the scanning transmission and energy filtering electron microscopes. The aim is to review the present state of the art as well as highlight future practical and theoretical challenges with a mix of invited talks and contributed papers. Topics will cover design of new spectrometers, filters, monochromators and detectors as well as novel methods for acquiring and processing spectrum-image data. Also included will be interpretation of EELS fine structure and techniques for probing chemical bonding, and electronic structure at high spatial resolution. Papers on new strategies for spectrum imaging and methods for optimizing detection limits are welcomed. Advanced approaches to elemental mapping will be highlighted with applications to materials science and biology.

After a long period of stasis, rapid developments are taking place in x-ray spectrometry as applied to microanalysis instrumentation. These developments flow from several new technologies, including "silicon drift detectors" to increase the size and speed of semiconductor EDS, ultralow temperature detectors based on calorimetry and superconducting tunnel junctions capable of energy resolution of 10 eV or less, and polycapillary x-ray optics to increase the collection solid angle. Other driving forces include x-ray spectrometry at room temperature, novel focussed x-ray sources, at extreme trace levels of concentration, and extreme spatial resolution. This session will consider new developments in instrumentation as well as the new experience in applying these instruments to problem solving in microanalysis.

This symposium will address developments in the microanalysis capabilities of scanning probe instruments including scanning tunneling, atomic force, and near-field optical microscopes. The emphasis will be placed on the analysis of contrast variation as well as spatio-temporal resolution in scanning probe images due to changes in, for example, the chemical, frictional, magnetic, or viscoelastic properties of a specimen. The relevance of these analyses to both inorganic (e.g., non-biological) as well as biological materials will be highlighted. Contributions in other areas of scanning probe microscopy are also welcome.

Advancements in confocal imaging have traditionally occurred by the cooption of modern technology from elsewhere into the instruments themselves, and by the development of novel probes for the preparation of specimens that are more closely tailored to the performance of the instruments. This session will address those advances that have enabled both routine and novel applications of the confocal microscope in light of present and future experimental goals of the users. Topics to be covered will include multiple label imaging, multi-dimensional imaging and live cell imaging of biomedical specimens.

This session will include studies utilizing comparative and correlative fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Information concerning the use of fluorescent dyes and probes that are utilized in imaging by fluorescence and confocal microscopy with supporting documentation by flow cytometry, a non-imaging microscopy will be presented. Topics including information on the detection of fluorescence, appropriate filter sets, laser stability and laser polarization used in both techniques will also be appropriate for this session.

This symposium will cover state-of-the-art techniques in preparing biological specimens for structural and immunolabelling preservation at the light and electron microscope levels. Emphasis will be placed on chemical fixation, microwave-assisted fixation and cryo-techniques which all have been demonstrated to give excellent results under certain circumstances. We will cover how microwave-assisted specimen preparation can save time and often improve specimen preservation and localizations. We will also cover freeze substitution methods and techniques for light and electron microscopy. We will compare how these preparative methods can be used at the light and electron microscope level to produce improved signal and morphology. Contributed papers utilizing any of these techniques are welcome in this symposium.

Cryo-immobilization of living cells is perhaps the optimum method for obtaining high quality fixation and minimizing artifacts normally encountered with "routine chemical fixation". High-resolution cryo-field emission SEM now permits identification of individual cell adhesion molecules on cell surfaces. This symposium will highlight the

cryo-immobilization of cells, tissues, and organs for their observation by cryo-EM. Emphasis will be placed on high-resolution cryo-field emission SEM and also freeze-substitution for TEM. Contributed papers for platform or poster presentation on related topics are welcome.

The application of multimode microscopy in biological problem solving has necessitated the development of advanced labeling techniques based on both existing and developing technologies. These technologies have facilitated labeling for photon-, electron-, and force-based imaging, allowing identification and localization of various molecular species with high sensitivity and spatial resolution. Techniques that permit simultaneous labeling of multiple species for co-localization studies in the various imaging modes are also under development as well as improved specimen preparation techniques for enhanced labeling efficiency. In correlative studies, where a single sample is examined sequentially in different imaging modes, recent work has been directed toward the development of labels and procedures that facilitate precise identification of the same label in each of the imaging modes. This session will focus on emerging labeling technologies and advanced specimen preparative methodology for high resolution and correlative applications.

Electron tomography is the method of choice for 3-D ultrastructural studies of objects in the size range of about 50 to 1000 nanometers. In biology, tomography provides a bridge between 3-D macromolecular studies using averaging techniques, and large-scale serial-section reconstructions of cells and tissue. It has also found applications in materials science. Tomography is already an established technique, and is expected to become more widespread now that automated data-collection software for modern transmission electron microscopes is becoming commercially available, and image-processing software has matured. This symposium aims to introduce electron tomography to a wide audience, and to demonstrate the state of the art at the present time. Speakers will include current leaders in the technical development of tomography, covering such topics as tomography of frozen-hydrated specimens, strategies for increasing resolution, and improved data collection. Equally important will be talks by investigators with exciting applications of tomography. Papers are encouraged from all practicing tomographers.

This year's symposium will highlight imaging in systems that can operate alternatively between high and low vacuum. The fundamentals and technical capabilities of this unique class of instrumentation will be presented. Imaging capabilities of the various systems will be compared. Learn how historically difficult samples, specifically hydrated and non-conductive, are now imaged routinely through one of the most innovative advances in electron imaging in recent years. Applications specific to both biological and materials sciences will be examined in depth.

This session will consist of contributed presentations by our corporate members and exhibitors at the meeting and will provide the opportunity for them, or researchers using their products, to present information concerning recent technological and application oriented material as platform and poster presentations.

36. Biological Microanalysis

37. Biological Ultrastructure (Cells, Tissues, Organ Systems)

38. Biomedical Applications

39. Biopolymers and Biomemetics

40. Blood/Immunology

41. Botany

42. Correlative Microscopy

43. Cyotchemistry (Light and Electron Histochemistry, Immunohistochemistry, In Situ

Hybridization

44. Developmental/Reproductive Biology

45. Entomology

46. Microbiology

47. Neurobiology

48. Parasitology

49. Pathology

Applications of Microscopy and Microanalysis: Physical Sciences

50. Advanced Composites

51. Films/Coatings

52. Geology/Mineralogy

53. Ferroelectrics

54. Modulated Structures and Quasicrystals

55. Oxidation/Corrosion

56. Phase Transformation in Metals and Alloys

57. Radiation Effects in Materials

58. Semiconductors

59. Specimen Preparation for Materials Sciences

60. Surfaces/Interfaces

61. Auger Electron Spectroscopy

62. Compositional Mapping

63. Computational Methods for Microscopy and Microanalysis

64. Diffraction Techniques

65. Electron Crystallography

66. Electron Holography

67. Field Ion Microscopy

68. High Resolution Electron Microscopy

69. Image Simulation and Image Processing Techniques

70. In-Situ Microscopy Techniques

71. Instrument Performance

72. Microbeam Mass Spectroscopy

73. Molecular Spectroscopy

74. Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy

75. SEM

76. Stereology

77. XRF/XRD Techniques

78. X-Ray and Optical Crystallography

Speaker: Mark Ellisman

Speaker: Tom Bartol

Speaker: Alwyn Eades

Electron diffraction encompasses an intimidating body of theory and techniques. This tutorial will aim to make diffraction accessible. It will explain practical methods of diffraction without mathematics methods that are, nonetheless, soundly based in the mathematical theory. It will begin with fundamentals and continue to detailed practical applications. There will be a special focus on microdiffraction methods (including convergent-beam diffraction).

Speakers: David Joy and Dale Newbury

This tutorial will outline the advantages and drawbacks for imaging and microanalysis in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) at low incident beam energies — 5 keV down to 100 eV or less — relative to that at conventional energies of ~25 keV, while emphasizing the practical challenges of high-resolution imaging and microanalyses at low operating voltages. For imaging, the reduction in incident beam energy increases the secondary electron signal, improves surface sensitivity, minimizes charge deposition and can enhance resolution. However, instrumental performance becomes limited by factors such as diffraction and chromatic aberration, and the quality of the microscope vacuum environment becomes crucial. The imaging of non-conductive and beam sensitive specimens will receive special emphasis. For X-ray microanalysis, the lateral spatial resolution and analyzed volume improve by more than one and three orders of magnitude, respectively, at low incident beam energies, while matrix correction factors approach unity. However, there are corresponding drawbacks: the inaccessibility of conventional X-ray lines, and low fluorescent yields of the soft X-ray alternatives; peak overlaps in EDS given the limited available energy range; and the high beam currents and acquisition times for WDS. Strategies for performing useful low voltage analyses according to present practice, as well as potential benefits of microcalorimeter EDS and X-ray optic-assisted WDS, will be covered.

Speaker: Clive Nockolds

Multipurpose microscopy laboratories can be found in a variety of places, such as industry, hospitals, government research organizations and universities. Although the requirements of these different institutions can be quite varied, there are clearly many common elements in the set up and maintenance of an effective microscopy laboratory. These common issues will be addressed in this tutorial. In many cases, there is pressure to bring a range of diverse instruments into one laboratory and the advantages and disadvantages of centralized facilities will be discussed. In setting up and maintaining a laboratory, the main questions are concerned with establishing the right mix of equipment for the client base and in having sufficient staff to ensure the most effective use of that equipment. Once the laboratory is up and running, there is an ongoing question of keeping the equipment in good running order, as well as keeping the equipment up to date. Other operational matters to be considered are: whether the clients should be trained to do their own work and whether they should be educated to a level where they can understand the results; how the images and data generated in the facility should be managed; and how the laboratory should be funded.

Speaker: Brendan Griffin

87. Adobe Photoshop 101

Speaker: Julieanne Kost