M&M '98 Home Page

 Welcome Messages

 General Information

 Scientific Program

 Instructions to Authors

 Special Events

 Short Courses

 Posters,and
 Micrograph Competition

 Other Awards

 Travel, Social Events
  and Attractions

 Exhibitors

 Data/Registration Forms

 Hotels

Authors of contributed papers should suggest two categories (or one category, if the paper has been invited) from the list below and write the numbers of the chosen categories on the Data Form on page 14. The Program Committee will use this information when arranging papers into coherent sessions, although inclusion of your contributed paper into one of the categories you choose cannot be guaranteed. Every effort will be made to place your contribution in the most appropriate session/symposium.

Each symposium will have a poster session associated with it; therefore, authors who prefer posters can contribute to any of the categories below.

Presidential Happenings

01. The Microscopy Society of America and Microbeam Analysis Society Presidential Events:
Organizers: Ralph Albrecht and Ryna Marinenko

The Presidents of MSA and MAS will offer special events during the early evenings of Monday and Tuesday. These events will appeal to all attendees and will not overlap with the technical program.

02. Shared Resources and User Facilities: Access to Instrumentation

This poster session will highlight shared facilities which offer access to unique instrumentation and/or expertise. This session is intended to provide information on these facilities for both physical and biological scientists. It is anticipated that this session will include both local and national microscopy and microanalytical facilities. For this symposium, submission of a contributed paper is optional, however a title and author name/affiliation must be provided to be listed in the program as part of the poster session. If you choose to submit only a poster title to this symposia, please indicate so on the Data Form on page 14.

This poster session will highlight unique and novel specimen preparation techniques for both physical and biological sciences. The demonstration of successful specimen preparation of traditionally difficult specimens is encouraged, as well as new techniques and equipment for specimen preparation.

Advances in Instrumentation and Techniques Symposia

04. Advances in Remote Microscopy, Instrument Automation and Data Storage
Organizers: Edgar Voelkl, Mike OÕKeefe and Nestor Zaluzec

Several factors are contriving to drastically change the way in which we do microscopy. Microscopy laboratories are using less film and becoming more digital. Desktop computers are now powerful enough to take over many of our routine tasks (they may often turn out to be better and more reliable than the human operator). The Internet is strengthening connections between people and offers exchange of information in a way never dreamt of before, ranging from telepresence operation to fully integrated collaboratories. These changes already have drastic impact on the daily routines at our laboratories and will change the way in which we work. This symposium seeks to illuminate the changes to help us understand what the future will bring to us. Appropriate demonstrations of these capabilities will be coordinated with the annual computer workshop, which will be running concurrently.

There are now a large number of techniques using photons, electrons or ion technologies that permit compositional imaging on the sub-micron level e.g. EDX, energy-filtered TEM, multispectral imaging, SIMS, x-ray absorption spectroscopy/microscopy etc. This symposium will highlight advances in compositional imaging techniques and contrast and compare different approaches as they apply to problems in the biological and physical sciences from a cross-disciplinary point of view. Presentations that describe new developments in existing techniques or novel methods for producing compositional images are invited. The symposium will also explore methods for extracting quantitative information from large two dimensional data sets with the highest possible accuracy.

The symposium will present practical solutions for display, evaluation, measurements, and printing of digitally acquired data from microscopes. The imaging microscopist needs special digital tools for image data handling so that he can Òutilize and seeÓ the image data at a precision performance level his microscope may be capable of delivering (8-16 bit in LM, CLM, TEM, SEM, AFM etc.). All digital solutions address biological as well as physical science applications.

The continuing developments in detection and x-ray generation technology have lead to a number of novel and extremely sensitive methods of chemical analysis using x-rays as the active source. Trace element detection at the ppb level is possible using low background substrates, high magnification transmission images of thick substances and tuned elemental imaging using x-ray microscopes is becoming practical, TXRF and other surface sensitive analytical methods can detect partial monolayers on a variety of substrates, and novel diffraction methods including improved Kossel Cameras and texture related strain measurements are all now part of the analystÕs repertoire. These and other related x-ray analytical and imaging methods will illustrate that the field of x-rays is still an important one for new and novel developments in the analytical sciences.

Multiphoton excitation microscopy is the latest wrinkle in 3D light microscopy. Compared to earlier methods such as widefield deconvolution and confocal microscopy, multiphoton excitation promises a number or advantages. Chief amongst these improvements are the ability to image features far below the surface of thick, transparent specimens and to do so with up to 1000x less phototoxicity and photodamage than is produced by ÒnormalÓ confocal. With 3-D light microscopy being used increasingly to follow developments in living cells, embryos and tissues and the recent introduction of several commercial multi-photon instruments, we can expect this field to display explosive growth in the next few years. This symposium will include additional talks by some of the highlight speakers from the earlier Multi-Photon Symposium to be held over the previous weekend focusing on the techniques and instrumentation needed to make this promise a reality.

A succession of incremental improvements in data-taking and analysis have contributed to the recent emergence of density maps determined by electron crystallography that are comparable to those obtained by X-ray crystallography. In the best cases (3 - 5 A resolution), direct tracing of polypeptide chains is already possible. At somewhat lower resolution (7 - 10 A resolution), visualization of major elements of secondary structure yield important insights. Even at moderate nominal resolution (20 - 30 A), 3D maps of complexes containing molecules that have previously been solved to high resolution by crystallography may be interpreted in near-atomic detail, yielding vital information on interactions. This symposium will bring a focus to bear on recent advances in this area, including work on cytoskeletal proteins and membrane proteins. A sub-theme will be appraisal of emerging generic properties of density maps derived from electron crystallography and how they compare with those from x-ray crystallography.

To celebrate the 30th anniversary of the atom probe field ion microscope and the 10th anniversary of the position-sensitive atom probe, this symposium will feature invited and contributed papers on the development of these instruments for atomic level characterization. In addition, the contributions that these instruments have made to surface sciences and the characterization of materials will be presented in a series of application-related papers.

The aim of this session is to present new trends in the instrumentation and theory of Scanning Electron Microscopy in order to improve the characterization of materials at high spatial resolution. The emphasis will be on the generation and the interpretation of various signals generated when a beam of electrons strike a specimen (SE, BSE, ECP, energy distribution of BSSE, Cathodoluminescense, ESEM, Acoustic waves, heat) and on the ways in which the instrument itself modifies the signals that pass through it.

Quantitative electron probe microanalysis with standards and matrix corrections can yield accuracy better than ±5% relative in many cases, and with careful attention to the corrections, ±2% relative can be achieved. Nevertheless, there are problems of practical significance where such accuracy is precluded by special situations such as pathological spectral overlaps, beam damage to samples and/or standards, atom migration, lack of critical parameters such as accurate mass absorption coefficients, etc. This symposium seeks to ventilate some of the dirty linen of microanalysis and to establish an exchange of information that will advance our field.

Scanned Probe Microscopies (AFM, STM, etc.) continue to evolve and progress at a very rapid rate. As more and more contrast mechanisms are discovered and developed, the field has evolved from very high resolution microscopy to become a versatile microscopy and microanalysis workhorse. This symposium seeks to demonstrate and explore the wide range of data being obtained from both well developed and developing forms of SPM and to illustrate the wide range of applications from both physical and biological sciences.

Since it was first adapted for use on the electron microprobe in 1968, the energy dispersive spectrometer has become the most widely used x-ray spectrometer in our field. This symposium will celebrate thirty years of EDS in Microanalysis with a series of invited presentations on the history, current status and future potential of EDS. In the last thirty years, EDS has undergone major improvements in every aspect of performance Ñ energy resolution, maximum count rate, energy range, and new analytical techniques. The symposium will summarize these advances and highlight emerging technologies. With the advent of microcalorimeter EDS, drift chamber detectors, and x-ray optics to mention a few, the next thirty years of EDS promise to be as interesting as the first! Contributed poster papers are encouraged, outstanding contributions will be considered for platform presentation if time permits. A separate publication of extended papers presented in this anniversary symposium is being planned.

The recent development of sophisticated microscopies married together with advances in computing and communication have led to improved characterization of biological structures which contain great complexity such as whole cells and cell organelles. In this symposium, we will explore technological advances both in imaging and three-dimensional reconstruction that have led to the elucidation of multi-unit structures. In particular, this symposium will contain presentations on advances in light and electron microscopy, correlating information obtained from light and electron microscopy, advances in computational algorithms and high performance computational capabilities which were critical for determining three-dimensional structure of cell and organelles.

16. Application of Classical and Novel Microscopy to Tissue Injury and Infectious Disease Pathogenesis
Organizers: Charles Humphrey and Sara Miller

Classical microscopic techniques have played a major role in defining tissue injury and disease. Recent advances in microscopic methods have provided further insights regarding pathogenesis of tissue damage. The combination of classical pathology with molecular biology and high resolution structural analysis of biological molecules have also contributed to new understanding of tissue injury resulting from microbial infection and other tissue traumas. The roles that classical and novel methodologies have contributed to this renaissance in pathologic/microbiologic studies will be presented and discussed.

Since the development of low viscosity resins in the early 1970Õs, which permitted the filling of the fine capillary beds and the viewing of these in the scanning electron microscope, corrosion casting has been the method of choice for viewing the 3-D anatomy and distribution of blood vessels in tissues and organs. If one accepts the view that corrosion casts faithfully reproduce replicas of the vasculature, then quantitative measurements must also be possible. Several quantitative applications including measurements of vascular volume, changes in blood vessel size and distribution, and the number, size and distribution of endothelial cells have been reported. However, the main use of this technique remains in the description of the 3-D arrangement of blood vessels in tissues, and many such applications remain. This symposium will include current research papers employing vascular corrosion casting in animal and plant tissues, overviews of the anatomic and quantitative applications of corrosion casting, and hopefully an overview of future directions for this methodology. Contributions to the symposium on any application of corrosion casting, especially research papers employing novel or innovative methods are solicited and welcomed.

Microscopy is the only family of scientific instrumentation which provides direct information on the spatial relationships of the interactions occurring between biological environments and material samples. Microscopic methodology may be applied to examine the chronology of the biological, chemical, and physical events occurring at biomaterial interfaces. As such, microscopy is perhaps the key research tool in the evaluations of biocompatibility. By applying microscopic methodology with knowledge, foresight, and careful experimental design, it is not only possible to provide a Òpretty picture,Ó but also to obtain qualitative and quantitative 3-D information about the biological-biomaterial interface.

Large multiprotein complexes are responsible for many important processes in cells, including transport and communication, the synthesis and degradation of proteins and nucleic acids, motility, bioenergetics, and much enzymatic activity. Three-dimensional analysis of electron micrographs represents a powerful tool for investigating the structures of such complexes. In this approach, a three-dimensional density map is synthesized that combines the information content of many images of Òsingle particlesÓ, or Ñ in the recent development of molecular tomography Ñ produces maps from tilt series of individual particles. The resolution accessible by this approach has improved dramatically over the past few years as the result of advances in both the microscopy, and the reconstruction algorithms as well as the hardware. This symposium will aim to illustrate the potential of this approach by presenting several applications distinguished both by their realization of important biological information and by the use of advanced methodology. A unifying theme will be a focus on the structural properties of the channels that connect functionally related sites or compartments in these complexes.

Several agents that have proven to be very useful for the therapy of human cancer are drugs that affect microtubule function in cells. Such agents, including taxol and vinblastine, usually lead to mitotic arrest of proliferating cells. The consequence of this treatment is the induction of apoptosis in target cancer cells. There are many potential mechanisms by which the response of cancer cells to these agents may be altered, including those that lead to decreased drug accumulation in the cell, metabolism of the drugs to inactive forms, altered response of microtubules to the action of the drugs, cell cycle regulatory mechanisms that affect mitotic arrest, and mechanisms that cause overall resistance to the induction of apoptotic cell death, either directly or due to alterations in the expression of specific genes. This symposium will include both basic science and translational lectures that highlight specific aspects of these mechanisms in drug action and cancer therapy.

The green fluorescent protein (GFP) of the jellyfish Aequorea victoria has recently attracted tremendous attention as a strong visible fluorescent reporter molecule which is species-independent and does not require any co-factors or substrates. Molecular engineering of GFP is rapidly creating different color mutants, from wild-type green to blue emitters and red-shifted excitation derivatives. This symposium will survey new applications of mutant GFPs including real time observation of GFP coupled protein localization in cells (including signaling molecules, intracellular organelle traffic and metabolic enzymes), the use of mutant GFPs for measurements of fluorescence resonance energy transfer and fluorescence polarization in living cells, as well as development of new mutant GFPs and other bioluminescent proteins.

Optical microscopy and electron microscopy provide unique insights into membrane trafficking pathways in cells. Fluorescence microscopy can be used to probe the distribution and movement of proteins and lipids, and quantitative image analysis can yield quantitative kinetic parameters for movement between organelles. Techniques such as fluorescence resonance energy transfer and near-field scanning microscopy reveal information about the distribution of molecules in membranes at the nm scale. New probes, including expression of chimeras of intrinsically fluorescent proteins, provide a means for studying traffic of membrane components and the motors that move them. Electron microscopy provides ultrastructural views of organelles and allows identification of their molecular components by immunolocalization. The symposium will present advances in the field, based on these methods, along with a critical analysis of some of the difficulties in experimental design and data interpretation.

Some exciting results have been obtained with new labels and techniques for light and electron microscopy. Reports will highlight a combined gold/fluorescent immunoprobe for correlative light and electron microscopy, the use of gold probes in reflectance confocal immunocytochemistry, high sensitivity in situ hybridization for light and electron microscopy, and triple labeling in astrocytoma cells. Advances in the development of membrane gold probes, 6x His binding Ni-NTA-gold, and other new labeling reagents will also be presented.

Physical Sciences Symposia

Growing interest in use of natural fibers for specific industrial applications, including high-value textiles and composites, is driving interest in their chemical, structural, and physical properties. Advances in microscopy provide tools for detailed characterization of the chemistry within fibers and on fiber surfaces and for high resolution of structural features of fibers. These analyses define fiber characteristics that relate to performance properties and that can be used to optimize the use of fibers. The symposium will focus on advances in the microscopic tools and analytical information now obtainable for analyzing natural fibers that relate to a variety of research and commercial interests.

This symposium will bring together invited and contributed papers which represent the state-of-the-art in the study of microstructures of ceramics and minerals. Such microstructures result from synthesis and processing, deformation, phase transformations, etc. Ceramic materials include structural ceramics such as silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and zirconia and functional ceramics such as ferroeletrics, packaging materials and conducting oxides. Minerals include not only those from the earth but also moon rocks, martian rocks and meteorites.

The practice of microscopy has moved from being a purely research-oriented technique into many ÒReal WorldÓ applications. Microscopy and microanalysis is used routinely to solve problems, get answers, and monitor processes. Often, users of such microscopy technology do not consider themselves ÒmicroscopistsÓ. This symposium focuses on Òputting microscopy to workÓ to address everyday problems in industry, medicine, engineering, forensics, and the like. It is open to a broad range of microscopies (optical, electron and ion, scanning probe, etc.) The common denominator is that microscopy is being employed as an application tool, rather than as an end in itself.

This symposium will focus on the applications of advanced microscopy techniques, with an emphasis on electron beam based techniques, to the study of electronic materials. Materials to be covered will include semiconductors, superconductors and all other materials which are utilized for their electronic and optical properties. Submissions are encouraged on any research which elucidates the structure and chemistry of such materials; we particularly encourage papers which link structure to electronic and optical properties. We anticipate several focused sessions concentrating upon technique development and materials issues of high topical interest and immediate importance, including: quantitative electron diffraction, spectroscopy and high-resolution imaging; determination of structure including electronic structure and chemistry; orientation mapping of polycrystalline materials; novel techniques for nanoscale mapping of chemical fluctuations; direct imaging of dopant distributions; and real-time observations of dynamic process in electronic materials.

Nanophase materials exhibit physical, chemical, and electronic properties that are distinct from their well-ordered, bulk counterparts. The unique properties of nanophase materials are closely related to their atomic scale structure. However, the small length scales and disorder typical of these materials pose significant challenges for microstructural characterization. This symposium will focus on the development and application of microscopic techniques to the analysis of nanocrystalline and amorphous materials, with an emphasis on the structures beyond our current knowledge. Topics of interest in this symposium include (1) development of specialized microscopic methods for the analysis of structure, chemistry, and morphology; (2) determination of the relationships between microstructure and morphology and collective physical, chemical, and electronic properties; (3) analysis of self-assembled nanocrystal arrays and porous nanophase materials; and (4) characterization of advanced catalysis.

The importance of qualifying polymer microstructures at length scales ranging from nanometers to microns continues to rapidly grow as increasingly sophisticated synthesis/processing schemes are developed and greater demands are placed on polymer properties. This symposium centers on both emerging and established microscope-based methods for quantifying polymer microstructure. Four principal focal areas spearheaded by invited presentations are: energy-loss and energy-filtering techniques (both electron and x-ray based); dose-limited resolution; scanned-probe microscopy for imaging and modulus studies; and low-voltage SEM. Contributed papers in these and related topics with applications to blends, copolymers, composites, and adhesives, among others, are welcome.

The study of interfaces provides unique opportunities to examine how local structural and electronic properties can affect the macroscopic properties of materials. This symposium will aim to draw together experimental and theoretical work ranging from atomic resolution imaging and spectroscopy to electronic structure calculations, including grain boundaries, heterophase interfaces and isolated extended defects. In addition to the traditional work on determining atomic and electronic structure, we encourage contributors to consider other properties that may be measurable and experimentally relevant to materials behavior. What insight is gained into electronic, optical, transport, or mechanical properties? The focus will be on applications to materials problems (rather than the techniques per se) which are covered in other sessions.

Technologists' Forum Symposia

What is the appropriate microscopic technique to characterize your samples? With the increasing array of instruments available today, it has become difficult to sort through the alphabet soup of acronyms to determine the right microscope for the task. In this symposium, we will present an overview of instruments in light microscopy, electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy and how these technologies can find a place in biological and materials laboratories. An associated contributed poster session will follow in the afternoon. The symposium will conclude with a presentation on the practical application of microscopic analytical techniques.

Advances in Instrumentation and Techniques

32. Auger Electron Spectroscopy
33. Computational Methods for Microscopy and Microanalysis 34. Confocal Microscopy
35. Diffraction Techniques
36. Education Outreach Tool
37. Electron Back-Scattered Pattern Analysis 38. Electron Crystallography
39. Electron Holography
40. Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis 41. High Resolution Electron Microscopy
42. Image Simulation Techniques
43. In-Situ Microscopy Techniques
44. Microbeam Mass Spectroscopy
45. Molecular Microspectroscopy
46. Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy
47. Stereology
48. Surface Analysis Techniques
49. XRF/XRD Techniques
50. X-Ray and Optical Crystallography

Applications of Microscopy and Microanalysis: Biological Sciences Symposia

Applications of Microscopy and Microanalysis: Physical Sciences Symposia