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Microscopy and Microanalysis '99 provides four days of comprehensive Symposia, Tutorials, Workshops, Forums, and Special Sessions covering all aspects of Microscopy. These sessions will be of interest to scientists working in any field or on any problem that involves microscopic observation, including members of the two sponsoring societies, the Microscopy Society of America (MSA) and the Microbeam Analysis Society (MAS). The blend of different presentation formats (from Symposia to Tutorials) on a variety of topics will provide access to information about cutting edge discoveries and the chance to learn new techniques and procedures. The integration of the program with the commercial exhibits allows opportunities for "hands on" learning experiences with up-to-date instrumentation. Highlights of this yearÕs meeting include a special 2 day premeeting congress on advances in optical microscopy, a comprehensive symposium celebrating 50 years of advances in electron probe microanalysis, and a symposium honoring the work of Professor Archie Howie of the Cavendish Laboratory. M&M '99 will also feature several "problem solving" question-and-answer sessions with experts in various fields of microscopy and microanalysis.

The scientific program covers a variety of topics on development and application of microscopy and microanalysis in both the physical and biological sciences. The meeting runs from Sunday evening until 5 P.M. Thursday. Each day the morning will be devoted to platform sessions and special topic presentations composed primarily of invited talks. After lunch, poster sessions will be presented followed by late afternoon platform sessions. Most submitted abstracts will be presented as posters. This format provides an excellent opportunity to present and discuss your data with interested colleagues. The afternoon poster sessions are truly a highlight of the meeting, and certainly provide the most active exchange of science. We encourage poster presenters to review the specific guidelines for the many poster honors and awards, including inclusion in the MSA Traveling Poster Exhibit and the Diatome Award. The program committee encourages our colleagues from all over the world to submit abstracts, especially if you have not previously attended a Microscopy and Microanalysis meeting. In honor of Portland Oregon hosting our meeting, this year the program committee has made a concerted effort to highlight microscopy being conducted by scientists in the Northwestern United States. Thus, we particularly invite those of you from the Northwest to give us a try.

The program committee has worked hard to ensure that this is an exciting and ambitious program in Microscopy and Microanalysis. We hope to see all of you in Portland in 1999. Check out the MSA home page (www.msa.microscopy.com) for the most recent information about the meeting and for details on electronic submission of abstract author information. Remember that abstracts are due by February 15, 1999.

Jay Jerome, MSA Program Chair
Stuart McKernan, MSA Program Vice-Chair
John Mansfield, MAS Program Co-Chair
Bob Price, MSA Program Vice-Chair-Elect

CATEGORIES FOR PAPERS

Author Data Forms must be submitted through the meeting Internet site. Submitted abstracts should be mailed to the meeting management and must be accompanied by a valid abstract identification number obtained when the author data form is electronically received. When filling out the author data form, authors of invited papers should select only the symposium number (from the list below) corresponding to the symposium in which they have been invited to speak (categories 04-34). If you are unsure of your category, check with your symposium organizer. Authors of contributed papers should suggest two categories from the list below (02-79). Write the numbers of the chosen categories on the Author Data Electronic Submission Form available at the meeting Internet site. The program committee will use this information when arranging papers into coherent sessions. Please realize that inclusion of your contributed paper into a specific category cannot be guaranteed. However, every effort will be made to place your contribution into the most appropriate session. Sessions 02-34 are specific symposia. Before selecting one of these specific symposia, please carefully read the information describing the symposia, noting any special requirements. Categories 35-79 will be organized into symposia during the program production process. Each symposium will have a poster session associated with it: therefore, authors who prefer posters can contribute to any category (02-79). Individuals invited to present a tutorial should place a check in the "invited speaker box" enter the number of the tutorial (80-84) as the category. The tutorial numbers are listed at the end of the list of paper categories.

The Presidents of MSA and MAS will offer special events during the early evenings of Monday and Tuesday. These events will appeal to all attendees.

This poster session will highlight shared facilities which offer access to unique instrumentation and/or expertise. This session is intended to provide information on these facilities for both physical and biological scientists. It is anticipated that this session will include both local and national microscopy and microanalytical facilities. For this symposium, submission of a contributed paper is optional, however a title and author name/affiliation must be provided to be listed in the program as part of the poster session. If you choose to submit only a poster title to this symposium, please indicate so on the Electronic Author Data Form .

This poster session will highlight unique and novel specimen preparation techniques for both physical and biological sciences. The demonstration of successful specimen preparation of traditionally difficult specimens is encouraged, as well as new techniques and equipment for specimen preparation.

This symposium will be dedicated to the wide range of magnetic imaging techniques currently available: Lorentz microscopy including Fresnel and Foucault imaging, electron holography, MFM, SEMPA, and others. With the advent of fast computers, charge coupled device cameras, electron biprisms, and imaging energy filters, Lorentz microscopy has undergone an important revival during the last couple of years. Quantitative Lorentz microscopy is now a reality. Similarly, other magnetic imaging techniques have become more quantitative, and it is now possible to extract magnetic information from nanometer sized structures.

As we approach the 50th anniversary of Castaing's thesis describing the electron probe microanalyzer, the requirements and challenges of quantitative x-ray microanalysis are more stringent than ever. We as analysts are called upon to provide more precise and more accurate analyses in disciplines ranging from neurobiology to cosmochemistry. This session will focus on the latest developments in quantitative x-ray microanalysis using WDS and EDS techniques. Topics to be covered include instrumentation, technique development, standards, and applications from all disciplines employing quantitative x-ray microanalysis methods.

The symposium will feature new developments in the area of Infrared, Raman and Fluorescence Microspectroscopies and the use of these methods for materials characterization in a wide variety of disciplines.

This symposium will focus on, but not be limited to the application of different microscopy and spectroscopy techniques to the study of interfaces in advanced materials. It includes heterostructural interfaces, grain boundaries, planar defects in crystalline structure, and crystal surfaces in metals, ceramics, semiconductors, electronic device materials, and their heterostructures. Techniques include conventional TEM, HRTEM, in-situ electron microscopy, Z-contrast imaging, cross-section STM and AFM, EDS, EELS, ELNES, and high spatial resolution elemental mapping. This symposium will emphasize the physical properties of materials related to interfaces, which includes atomic structure, bonding characteristics, chemical compositions, segregation behavior, interfacial stress, local electronic structure, structure and composition evolution in different environments. Papers on the structure-property relationships of materials closely related to interfaces and surfaces are strongly encouraged.

Since the MSA special symposium on electron diffraction in the SEM (1994) many new developments have occurred in related hardware, software, and applications. This symposium will focus on the latest applications of automated-EBSP analysis in materials science and the current state-of-the-art in instrumentation and analysis tools. Phase identification, orientation imaging, grain size analysis, grain boundary characterization, micro- and macro-texture determination, and micro-strain analysis will be covered.

There continues to be exciting innovations in electron diffraction. Some of these are inspired by technical improvements like energy filtering, digital acquisition and coherent illumination; some by increased computing power and automation. Many of them are related to a change to quantitative analysis of the data. This session will showcase these developments.

Environmental electron microscopy has progressed in the past decade from an obscure method to being at the forefront of innovation in scanning electron microscopy. New insights are being gained into the fundamental contrast mechanisms of nonconductors, polymers and even liquids. New applications for understanding processes and materials in situ are being developed in laboratories around the world. As a commercial phenomena, ESEM and other low vacuum SEMs now make up a large and growing part of the SEM market. This symposium brings all of these elements together in one place for a lively exchange and discussion.

Recent studies have shown that it is possible to obtain high resolution images in the SEM at accelerating voltages as low as a few hundred volts and to perform quantitative x-ray microanalysis at between 2-5kV. The session will explore the advantages and problems associated with these new techniques which have a particular application to beam sensitive specimens.

Every year digital imaging replaces more of the imaging that we historically recorded on film. This symposium will focus on trying to understand this technology and how we can best apply it to all the various forms of microscopy. We will emphasize the areas of acquisition, archival storage, hardcopy production, image retrieval and display/presentation. We also will examine how digital imaging can facilitate the acquisition and display of stereo pairs.

In Biomaterials research, we seek to describe the hierarchical time course of events at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels that occurs due to exposure of a non-native substance to an organism's biological milieu. This year's symposium will emphasize the use of microscopic data to understand this hierarchical response. Contributions which seek to associate function with the microscopically observable structure in these biological-material interactions are encouraged. The individual studies need not span the range from molecular to tissue levels. However, the presentations should clearly show how the data fits into this framework.

Cryoimmobilization offers the best means for the preservation of molecular and cellular structure and with the use of TEM, STEM, or SEM, provides a means for examining spatial resolution of macromolecules and the molecular topography of cellular surfaces and the structural preservation of nuclear and cytoplasmic organelles. The aims of these sessions are to present new advances in cryotechniques for the preservation of molecular and cellular structure with an emphasis on the immunocytochemical localization of antigens or other substances, and their detection by a variety of methods in electron microscopy. Topics to be addressed include use of high pressure freezing for cryofixation, application of immunocytochemistry to cryofixed samples, and innovative methods for examination of cryofixed samples of molecules, cells and cellular surfaces by TEM, STEM, and field emission SEM.

Much excitement has been generated among confocal users by the introduction of multiphoton microscopy. While this is a valuable new development in 3D imaging, confocal microscopy itself continues to evolve with creative new advancements in components and design. These include methods for reducing specimen damage while improving image quality, increased flexibility for imaging unique labels, and improvements leading to reductions in optical aberrations. This symposium will focus on improvements in confocal use and design and will highlight emerging confocal technologies.

A variety of biological labeling techniques has been developed in order to obtain specific chemical and spatial information from cells and tissues. Broadly speaking, these techniques can be categorized as cytochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and in situ hybridization. Correlative microscopy refers to situations in which a single sample is examined by two or more imaging techniques or when two or more labeling probes are applied to the same sample. These powerful techniques and their applications in biological systems will be the focus of this session.

Fluorescence microscopy allows the dynamic acquisition of information about the spectroscopic properties of fluorescent reporter molecules at levels of resolution too small to be seen with the naked eye. This symposium will cover the theory and applications of molecular optical spectroscopy, as well as instrumentation and future developments. Experts in the development and applications of this technology will present their latest research findings.

The development of electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) which was first reported by Prof. Raymond Castaing in 1949 had a great impact on the fields of geology, mineralogy, meteorology, materials science, and biology, etc. This symposium will honor the unique contributions to EPMA begun by Prof. Castaing and will recognize the many other devoted professionals whose research and dedication have contributed to improving the instrumentation and knowledge of the fundamental parameters used in EPMA. This will be a two-day symposium of primarily invited talks although significant contributed oral presentations may be included if time permits. Topics will include the historical evolution of the electron microprobe, subsequent developments in electron optics and x-ray spectrometers, as well as improvements in matrix correction procedures, standards, error evaluations and spectral processing used in quantitative EPMA. Current innovations in these and what may be in the EPMA future will also be included as well as some noteworthy applications. Contributions to a poster session are strongly encouraged. Old photos, documents and anecdotes of significance to the development of EPMA are being collected for a bulletin board. Please contact R. Marinenko with historical contributions (E-mail: ryna.marinenko@nist.gov)

A two day symposium will be held as part of Microscopy and Microanalysis '99 to honor Professor Archie Howie and to celebrate his many outstanding contributions to electron microscopy. The symposium will highlight advances in fields which reflect some of Professor HowieÕs remarkable range of pioneering research. These include studies of amorphous materials, small particles, surface studies, scanning and scanning transmission electron microscopy, valence electron energy loss spectroscopy, environmental electron microscopy, low energy electron microscopy and dynamical electron diffraction. The symposium will consist of invited platform presentations. Contributed poster papers are encouraged.

Probing the structural and chemical limits of polymers continues to grow in importance as greater demands are being placed on their performance. This symposium focuses on new techniques and developments in the area of scanned probe microscopy of polymers, including (but not limited to) atomic force microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy, near-field scanning optical microscopy, and IR microscopy. Emphasis will be placed on the discussion and comparison of probe techniques and methods that offer complementary information to traditional TEM-based imaging and microanalysis. Contributed papers in these and related topics with applications to blends, copolymers, composites, and adhesives, among others, are welcome.

The understanding and control of defects in semiconductors is perhaps one of the most critical aspects of electronic manufacturing. Because of the close coupling between defects and final electrical properties, constant vigilance from initial crystal growing to final testing is required to produce successful devices. The purpose of this symposium is to present a wide ranging forum for the discussion of performance limiting defects in both silicon-based and compound semiconductors. Of particular interest is the use of electron and ion beam technology to elucidate the electrical nature of the defects. Novel voltage contrast techniques are well suited to this symposium. Papers using high spatial resolution analysis, (structural, chemical or otherwise) are most welcome. The characterization of process-induced defects, especially as they impact yield are invited with enthusiasm.

In the physical sciences we see an increasing need to prepare TEM specimens of very small pre-selected locations in a variety of different types of samples. The main driving force for high spatial resolution specimen preparation is the semiconductor industry, where the size of the target locations to be prepared have diminished to a point where they cannot be viewed by visible light microscopy. Precision preparation of the impact point of a projectile into armor or an analysis of the precise initiation point of a micro-crack are other examples. This symposium seeks to review the state of the art of precision specimen preparation and to explore the prospects for improved spatial resolution in the near future.

The new scanned-probe microscopies and the development of new capabilities in TEM, SEM and VLM offer the promise of much greater understanding of structure, chemistry and bonding in these important classes of materials. The principal theme of the symposium will be the impact of microscopy on the design of materials for structural applications but papers discussing related applications will be welcomed. This symposium will consist of invited and contributed talks and posters which define the state-of-the-art and examine anticipated future advances.

Scanned Probe Microscopies (AFM, STM, etc) continue to evolve and progress at a very rapid rate. As more and more contrast mechanisms are discovered and developed, the field now includes atomic resolution microscopy as well as a range of versatile microscopy and microanalysis techniques. This symposium seeks to demonstrate and explore the wide range of new instrumentation developments and data being obtained from both well developed and developing forms of SPM and to illustrate the wide range of applications from both physical and biological sciences.

Understanding how constituent proteins and macromolecular structures interact between and within cells has become increasingly important for our understanding cell and tissue level function. Examples of these interactions include specialized cell-cell junctions, signal transduction processes, both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, and communication via membrane proteins or cytoskeletal attachments. In this symposium, we will explore technological advances both in imaging and three-dimensional reconstruction that have led to new insights in cellular communication. This symposium will contain presentations on advances in light and electron microscopy, correlating information obtained from light and electron microscopy, advances in computational algorithms and high performance computational capabilities which have been used for investigating structural aspects of cell-cell interactions in three dimensions.

As new technologies have been developed, the various applications of microscopy and other imaging techniques to the study of embryological and fetal development have also evolved. From the historical use of paraffin sections to examine the static, fixed condition of tissues, to the imaging of live cells and the tracking of cell lineages by use of green fluorescent proteins and confocal microscopy, this symposium will examine how microscopy and other imaging techniques have contributed to our knowledge of how multicellular organisms develop. Invited presentations will include talks on the applications of the "newer" imaging techniques such as video microscopy, traditional and multiphoton confocal microscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging, as well as the more traditional techniques of light and electron microscopy. Contributed platform and poster presentations will be used to complete the overall goal of this symposium which is to emphasize how the variety of available imaging techniques contribute to our understanding of development.

This program will bring together several nationally recognized experts in the ultrastructural pathology of AIDS and related conditions. After a general overview, subsequent speakers will focus on key specific sites such as the brain and kidney, on unusual ultrastructural organelles and on associated viral and protozoal infections seen in AIDS patients. One important goal of the meeting is to encourage a cross-fertilization of ideas among different individuals who normally are not present together on the same platform. Another goal is to have these speakers address issues of viral latency which are critically important in the quest to cure AIDS.

Scanning Probe Microscopy has become a mainstay of high resolution biological imaging. This session will focus on the latest developments and applications of scanning probe microscopy in biology. Topics to be covered will include, but are not limited to, high resolution imaging, functional mapping, molecular interactions and in situ manipulation of macromolecules.

As a means of highlighting the scientific achievements of biological microscopists within the greater Pacific Northwest, this symposium will concentrate on the use of microscopy to study diseases in patients and in vivo and in vitro models of specific disease processes. This will range from glaucoma, to auditory disorders, to Parkinson's disease, to relapsing fever. Quantitative post-embedding immunogold techniques and live cell imaging will be presented as some of the more recent techniques now being used in this area. Although the invited speakers will mainly focus on biological applications of microscopy related to diseases, microscopists within the greater Pacific Northwest are encouraged to submit papers on any other biological problem or technique they are currently using in their laboratory.

In recent years, a wide variety of new microscopic techniques for the manipulation and imaging of hydrated biological samples have been developed. These include chromophore-assisted laser inactivation of specific molecules, imaging of cells transfected with green fluorescent protein fusions, multiphoton imaging of endogenous fluorophores, and atomic force microscopy. This symposium aims to showcase the application of emerging microscopic technologies to the study of living cells.

Multi-photon excitation microscopy--as documented by many pioneers--has key microscopy niches and defined technique comparisons. The availability of several commercial MPEM systems for fluorescence microscopy promises growth of the new technique beyond its current purview. At present the field is in transition. This symposium will focus on key application niches and their impact on "real-world" problems in both the physical and biological sciences, as demonstrated by a fresh new set of MPEM pioneers. Posters and papers from labs are strongly encouraged.

Since the introduction of low viscosity resins for the preparation of casts of the microvasculature and the subsequent adaptation of these preparations for SEM beginning in the early 1970s, the method of vascular corrosion casting has found broad application. Perhaps most commonly, corrosion casting has been used to describe the 3-dimensional distribution and anatomy of the vasculature of organs and tissues However, this method has also been shown to provide physiological, developmental, and quantitative information about this vasculature under normal as well as pathological conditions. This symposium will include presentations of new applications and advances in the use of vascular corrosion casting in research.

The coupling of classical and modern microscopies with biochemical and molecular techniques yields powerful combinations, especially in botanical studies. Virtually all forms of microscopy have been used to study plant cells and provide answers to important botanical questions. In this symposium we plan to explore results obtained by correlating microscopy methods (e.g., light, electron, probe) with other experimental methods (e.g., hybridization, immunochemistry). The results presented will shed light on a wide range of phenomena. For example, development and function of plasmodesmata, vesicle targeting in cell plate formation during mitosis, and localization of upregulated proteins during leaf development. In addition, we hope that this symposium will help to establish an ongoing forum for an exchange of information on botanical applications of modern microscopy.

This symposium will be a showcase for invited speakers from the Portland area and the Pacific Northwest. The latest in microscopic technologies in both the biological and physical sciences will be presented. Although this session consists of invited talks only, there will be an associated poster session (number 76) to which you are encouraged to submit papers.

Tutorial lectures are in-depth reviews of new or evolving technologies of interest to microscopists. They take place during the meeting and are designed to provide an introduction to the field and its applications. No prior knowledge of the field is assumed and ample time is provided for questions and discussion. Most tutorials are videotaped for inclusion in the MSA circulating library.

This tutorial session will consist of three presentations. The first presentation will provide a current overview of the applications and methods of 3-D imaging by confocal and widefield light microscopy, and a detailed discussion of image correction methods, including corrections for depth attenuation, photo-bleaching, and instrument point spread. The second presentation will describe manual and computer-assisted image analysis methods, focusing on stereology. The final presentation will describe contemporary automated image analysis methods, focusing on methods to segment, count, classify, trace, and on methods to perform statistical analysis of the tabular data representations resulting from automated image analysis.

This FIB tutorial will cover instrumentation, techniques and applications. The column optics, image formation and ion beam/specimen interactions will be described. We will discuss applications of FIB sectioning and micromachining and the use of other analytical techniques in conjunction with the FIB. Methods for using the FIB as a site specific TEM specimen preparation tool using both the "conventional" and "lift-out" techniques will be given. Application examples of the use of the FIB both as a Specimen preparation/microfabrication tool and as a microscope in its own right will include semiconductor materials, biological materials and difficult and novel materials systems. The advantages and disadvantages of FIB specimen preparation will also be discussed.

Digital x-ray mapping with the energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) is a powerful characterization tool for the visualization of the microstructure and chemical composition of materials. Compositional gradients, phase chemistry, phase size, and phase distribution can all be determined from element-specific x-ray images. However, with the advent of commercially available "smart" EDS x-ray imaging packages, it is critical that analysts take the time to carefully evaluate the generated maps. In the process of EDS x-ray map acquisition many aspects of the technology can lead to misinterpretation of the resulting images. Counting statistics limitations, spectral interferences, background effects, detector minimum detection limits, the nature of pulse throughput (including detector deadtime and data processing events), and the correct use of image display software must all be considered for proper image interpretation. The generation of EDS x-ray maps from first principle physics will be presented. Examples of misinterpretation from the above listed sources will be illustrated. Additionally, clear and precise examples of how the above issues can mislead or affect accurate map interpretation and reporting will be presented. Solutions and techniques for assuring good results will be discussed.

This session will explore different ways to teach scanning electron microscopy and incorporate the instrument into the science education curriculum. Discussions will cover hardware needs for SEM-Internet connections for remote operation, available laboratory write-ups to be used by K-12 students, and the use of virtual microscope software in instructional programs. The emphasis will be on low-cost, off-the-shelf equipment, readily available software, and curriculum guides that participants can utilize in their own laboratories.

Electronic document submission is becoming much more common both in the submission of proposals (e.g. NSF's FastLane) and papers to journals (e.g. many of Springer Verlag's journals). The current program chairs of the Microscopy and Microanalysis Meeting believe that the meeting should move toward electronic document submission. Eventually all papers will be submitted electronically, either via the Internet or on floppy disk. All of the data in the papers (text, table, graphs and images) will be contained in a standard document format. Authors will prepare their papers in the same way they do now, with their favorite word processing package (Word Perfect, Microsoft Word, etc.) and then save the file in a portable document format. Currently, one of the best of these formats is Adobe's Portable Document Format (PDF). This software is inexpensive (~$50 per copy list price). In order to illustrate the ease with which papers may be converted into PDF, this tutorial will focus on the exact steps required to produce an paper for electronic submission. A sample paper with text, images, diffraction patterns, spectra, graphs and tables will be assembled and packaged in a PDF file. Attendees will have ample time to ask questions and the software required will be available for hands on testing in the Computer Workshop.